Monday, September 30, 2019

Evaluating my performance in swimming Essay

Introduction In the assessment I am going to evaluate my performance in swimming, I will be analysing my strengths and weakness and how they contribute to my performance and how in the future I can improve the development of my swimming. Strengths My main strengths in swimming is front crawl, I am good at this stroke as I use the correct muscles and joints effectively allowing me to generate lots of power, which enables me to glide through the water easily. I use my deltoid and trapezius which are located at the top of my back to muscularly pull my body through the water. To start the front crawl I must dive into the water using my hamstrings and quadriceps, I must use these muscles in a short burst to generate lots of power. I also have long arms which means that I have a long arm stroke, this allows me to have less arm strokes per length, and this means that I have more energy in the last fifty metres of a sprint. In the dive I create a streamline position so that I can make a clean entry into the water, this will limit the splash at the point of entry into the water allowing me to swim a faster length. Whilst I wait to dive of the board I must make a specific pose with body so that I can enter the water quickly. The first position should be made before a signal has been called out, I should have my fingertips touching the tip of the board, one heel should be in contact with the board and the other foot should be placed at the back of the board. When a signal has been called to signify the start of the race I should balance my body weight towards the front of the board. I believe that my reaction time to the signal is also one of my strengths as I react very quickly. I excelled in the in the short distance sprints as I generated lots of power from my kicks. When kicking the movement involves all the muscles in my lower body for example, hamstrings, quadriceps, gluteus maximus and calves. The movement begins with the gluteus maximus which the powers the motion all the way down to the legs to the feet. My kicking is efficient as I keep them parallel to each other when alternatively kicking them up and down- known as the flutter kick. I also make the kicks short and quick which generates the mos t power making me quicker in the water. Weaknesses My main weaknesses in swimming is my backstroke. I struggle with this stroke as I tend to have a poor sense of balance, my hips are not pushed up which also causes my legs to drop below the rest of my body. This disallows my legs to kick as fast as they are deeper under the water. I am not streamlined, this slows me down further as I am creating more surface area. Furthermore, in backstroke my fingers are spread out allowing water to pass through, this makes my stroke inefficient. I could stop this by keeping my fingers closer together which would then allow me to pull the water past me making my stroke more efficient. Another weakness of mine is tumble turns. When performing backstroke tumble turns I tumble slightly too far away from the wall this is because I come to close to the wall before I tumble. When I am far away from the wall I generate less power when pushing off the wall causing my head to be raised and my back not horizontal therefore I push off upwards. This stops me fr om staying under the water gliding meaning that I have more strokes making my time much slower. I am also very weak at breast stroke as I struggle with the complexity of the leg movement. When performing the stroke I use the correct technique but I do not push hard enough when kicking out. When sprinting in breaststroke my leg technique is poor as my hips dip below the surface of the water. To compensate for the lack of power in my leg movement I then have to push harder with my arms (unbalanced stroke) meaning that my timing is inconsistent. When coming up to breathe between each arm stroke my head can sometimes face toward the end of the pool making me more resistance in the water, however when taking a breath my head should be facing to decrease the resistance between my head and the water.

Sunday, September 29, 2019

Employment and Natalie Essay

Natalie Attired worked at Biddy’s for one year when she was fired for getting a sleeve tattoo on her upper right arm. Natalie was fired because Ms. Biddy claimed that she her appearance was disturbing the clients while they were trying to eat. There is no employee manual or written policy about employee conduct. Natalie while for unemployment in July 2010 but was denied because she was terminated for â€Å"misconduct.† Biddy’s has been in for over 20 years and is run by Biddy Baker, age 60. Biddy evaluates her waitress’ performance every three months. Questions Presented: Was Natalie’s tattoo in fact a distraction to the customers in the restaurant? Were there any guidelines in place that would in fact tell Natalie that she was in violation of the dress code? Did Ms. Biddy talk to her employee about how she wants there to present themselves while at work? Brief Answers: Two customers complained that Natalie’s tattoo was distracting. There were not any guidelines or employee handbook that stated was acceptable or not acceptable. Ms. Biddy did evaluate her employees every 3 months but in the evaluations she did not state how she wanted her employees to present themselves. Rules that Apply: According to the New Mexico Statutes Annotated,  § 51-1-7  § 51-1-7. Disqualification for benefits A. An individual shall be disqualified for and shall not be eligible to receive benefits: (1) if it is determined by the division that the individual left employment voluntarily without good cause in connection with the employment. However, a person shall not be denied benefits under this paragraph: (2) if it is determined by the division that the individual has been discharged for misconduct connected with the individual’s employment. Also in 555 P.2d 696 Supreme Court of New Mexico. Zelma M. MITCHELL, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. LOVINGTON GOOD SAMARITAN CENTER, INC., Defendant-Appellant. No. 10847.Oct. 27, 1976. ‘misconduct’ . . . is limited to conduct evincing such willful or wanton disregard of an employer’s interests as is found in deliberate violations or disregard of standards of behavior which the employer has the right to expect of his employee, or in carelessness or negligence of such degree or recurrence as to manifest equal culpability, wrongful intent or evil design or to show an intentional and substantial disregard of the employer’s interests or of the employee’s duties and obligations to his employer. On the other hand mere inefficiency, unsatisfactory conduct, failure in good performance as the result of inability or incapacit y, inadvertencies or ordinary negligence in isolated instances, or good faith errors in judgment or discretion are not to be deemed ‘misconduct’ within the meaning of the statute. Analysis: According to the definition of misconduct as stated above Ms. Attried did not in fact get fired for misconduct she did in fact get fired because Ms. Biddy felt her tattoo was a hinder to her business. In Natalie’s evaluations she was evaluated as a good employee who just needed to learn a few things to get her job skills up to par. Nowhere is it stated that she did anything to make her employer have to take negative action against her. She was always on time for work, she was pleasant with the customers, and she usually gets all the orders. Conclusion: Natalie was wrongly denied her unemployment benefits because she does not fit the criteria to be denied because of misconduct. She did perform her job to the best or her knowledge and there was no handbook to ensure that she was wrong about getting the tattoo. If Ms. Biddy wants her employees to conduct themselves a certain way she should provide guideline to ensure that they in fact know what is expected of them. Natalie should be able to receive her benefits and should have them backtracked to her original file date of unemployment.

Saturday, September 28, 2019

TNA - Navy Federal Credit Union Part II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

TNA - Navy Federal Credit Union Part II - Essay Example It was also identified that employees struggle with situations where they need to inform inquiring customers of information about the company that they least know about. This kind of unexpected performance can be associated with the lack of certain working techniques that are expected of employees servicing any financial institution. After research and extensive study, it was identified that an objective training program could instrumentally work towards generating desired worker qualifications at the federation. Allison Rossett and Lisa Schafer-2012 in Job Aids and Performance Support, cite objective training as a possible solution for under-performance of otherwise qualified employees (Rossett & Schafer, 2007). The actual performance of employees dictates the overall performance of a company. However, there is a set level of individual performance that is expected of employees at a company. This expected level of performance is rarely achieved. When the Actual performance is lower than the expected performance at whatever level of delivery, a performance Gap that is relatively more specific is normally created. This performance gap is a measure of the difference between the expected performance and the actual performance levels of a company. On an average scale, most of the tellers at Navy Union are giving in lesser input per day and this can be associated with customer relations and PR conditions at the company. The company’s Money’s and customer relations training program w ill work toward increasing the referrals of the tellers and generally raising their confidence levels when dealing with customers that creates an expected â€Å"good† name of the company (Blanchard& Thacker, 2010). After the identification of the performance gap and settling on training as a solution, the Navy Union could now provide its employees with a set of expected outcomes of the training so that when they go into the training program, they are aware

Friday, September 27, 2019

Health care issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Health care issues - Essay Example The Republicans, on one hand, advocate for tax incentives as a measure of expanding private insurance and preventing costs. They want every American family to be able to purchase insurance through such â€Å"marginal incentives† (Mooney). These differences have persisted since the administration of former Republican President George W. Bush. Federalism’s main role in the issue of health care is to provide unity amidst diversity. It is understandable that each federal government feels threatened by the health care reform law passed under Obama’s administration. The law’s provisions tend to intrude â€Å"deeply into the internal affairs of the states† and contradict the very essence of federalism (Moffit). In a federalist set-up, local government units (states) and the national government share governing powers. These states are also vested with constitutional sovereignty and can pass their own laws independent from each other and from Washington. Congress officers’ intrusion is no longer healthy to the federalism espoused by the US. They specify â€Å"how states are to arrange health insurance markets within their borders,† and determine the â€Å"products that will be sold to their citizens† (Moffit). The state of California responded to the health care law by not complyi ng with the federal legislation. As a result, the federal government is passing two bills, calling for its compliance (Haberkorn). The state has not joined 14 other states in blocking the health care law, but is merely enjoying its power to ignore legislation. Governor Schwarzenegger had other priorities in mind, like cutting the health care budget of California and expanding oil drilling in Sta. Barbara (Wood). The governor also said he opted out of compliance and support for the programs because congress was buying votes to pass the health care law (Falcone). The US Constitution prevents the President, acting through

Thursday, September 26, 2019

Data description Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Data description - Essay Example population and more than seven million are unaware of the fact that they are suffering from this disease. In the year 2010, 1.9 million of people who had ages of 20 and even older were detected to be Diabetic patients. It is projected that about 79 million adults who are aged either twenty years or older have pre-diabetes; it is a situation in which the levels of blood glucose are higher as compared to normal range but not too high to be labeled as diabetes. In order to fight against Diabetes, people will have to take precautionary measures such as living a healthy life, developing and following a well-balanced and nutritious meal plan, increasing physical activity so that weight remains under control and following the doctor’s advice appropriately. Hence, Diabetes is a curable disease that can be managed properly if self-care techniques are implemented effectively. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. â€Å"National diabetes fact sheet: National estimates and general information on diabetes and pre-diabetes in the United States, 2011.† CDC.gov. CDC, February 2011. Web. 10 January

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

Future Trends of Health Care Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Future Trends of Health Care Finance - Essay Example There is an imbalance of the number of people who demand health care, the price they pay and are willing to pay for it in the future, and the number of health care providers who supply the services demanded. This imbalance creates pressures on health care finance. More and more people, including our government and the businesses that cover health care costs of these people, would not be willing to pay an ever-increasing amount to finance health care. Premiums will not be allowed to increase indefinitely, because it is becoming unsustainable for the government to allow it, leading to cut backs in coverage. Many countries experimenting with different schemes are finding it difficult and unpopular to do so (OECD, 2006). As the PWC article and others (Schur, Berk, and Yegian, 2004) noted, the pressure of lower available financing in the face of rising health care costs and prices in the last decade, and the unwillingness of people (including the government) to pay for them indefinitely, are dangers that threaten our future in three ways. And third, our nation and our government will continue to find it a challenge to balance the costs of maintaining an aging population and a dwindling youth population exposed to more serious sicknesses. These are the challenges facing our health care organization. ... These are the challenges facing our health care organization. Unless we make some changes to cope with these challenges that are partly the effects of health care finance trends, we may not survive as a business. We therefore need strategic thinking to guide our organization, our services, and myself, in the next three to five years. Our organization must learn to manage costs, and invest funds in modern equipment and the training of people to continue improving our productivity, making the hospital sustainable. We need to make sure our health care services meet high quality standards without the costs going up too high, so we can continue to charge affordable prices. We also need to start thinking of ethical issues, like "do we provide the care that is needed and requested, or do we limit ourselves to what is financially covered by health insurance" Everyone from management to the youngest employee has to be prepared to face these challenges. The impact of future trends in health care finance affects all providers in different ways, and in the not-for-profit Catholic hospital where I work the issues we need to be prepared for will range from the medical and financial to the ethical and moral. Some Detailed Considerations I am a registered nurse who manages a Same Day Surgery unit in the hospital as part of my job working for the SSM Network, which has as its mission to provide exceptional health care services driven by core values consistent with our organization's heritage and priorities. We are known for our commitment to quality care - we won the Baldridge Quality Award in 2002, an accomplishment that reflects an exceptional

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

Performance Appraisal and Employee Performance Dissertation

Performance Appraisal and Employee Performance - Dissertation Example 53 List of Figures and Appendices Figure 1: Preference of companies for different performance appraisal measures†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 32 Figure 2: Satisfaction levels of employee on different measures†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 32 Figure 3: Factors influencing motivation of employees†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... 34 Figure 4: Alternative measures in influencing employee performance†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 35 Appendix 1: The Gantt Chart†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.... 46 Appendix 2: Questionnaire†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 47 I. Executive Summary Organizations in the modern times are all the more improving and adopting new measures towards their performances. Performance management has always been an integral part of every organization dealing with the employee performance study and determining ways to improve the employee performances. The current study deals with an understanding of the capability of a performance appraisal system in influencing the employee performance within an organization. The focus of the study has been to understand whether there is a need to incorporate alternative measures within organizations to effectively influence organizational employees. The study has taken both primary and secondary sources as its study materials. While the secondary sources based on the previous researches conducted on the concerned topic, the primary sources were based on the interviews and survey responses conducted on some of the companies in London, the participants being the organizational members and managers. The complete study has clearly reflected the fact that although performa nce appraisal systems are doing well and are quite significant in... From this dissertation it is clear that employees are an organization’s most important assets. Their satisfaction, good performance, positive attitude, creativity, adaptability etc. are very important for the growth of any organization. Human Capital in an organization does not refer simply to the people working for an organization. It can be seen in terms of the total collective worth of the capabilities, skill-sets, prior-experiences, knowledge and motivation present in an organizational workforce. Human capital is of supreme importance in organizations mainly because of the huge cost that is incurred on them and also because of the fact that if properly guided, human capital has the power to take an organization to a much higher level. Going by the huge amount of literature available on this topic, it can be said that the idea of monitoring and guiding the performance of both, an individual and the organization as a whole, is not a new concept. The origin of performance man agement can be traced back to the period of First World War when the assessment used to have the personality of the individual as the criteria of assessment. During the 1960s, the appraisal practice shifted its focus towards the setting of organizational goals and assessing an individual on the basis of performance related competencies and not personality. The late years of 1980 and the whole of 1990 witnessed the organizations undergoing a lot of quick change. During this period, the appraisal system had become the core process of managing the workforce and the organization as a whole.

Monday, September 23, 2019

Movie report Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Report - Movie Review Example Thereby to deserve the white paternalism of Matt Drayton, he should better be perfect in all other ways. He should not come out as being someone who justifies the white fear of a Black loser out to exploit an innocent white woman. The other surprising thing is that almost all the Black characters in the movie are tacitly obsequious towards the white characters, seeming totally unaffected by the black rage imbuing the times in which this movie was made and released. The only Black rage one comes across in the movie is the Black rage aimed at a Black, as that of Dr. Prentices against his father. Moreover, in the climax it is Matt Drayton, the evident liberal representative of the white race in the movie, who is shown as giving the final verdict. Obviously he is asserting a white definition of assimilation, in which the colored subject should be willing to dilute one’s personal notions of racial identity. The ludicrous thing is that the movie ends with a very liberal redefinition of the American family, both white and Black family members having a good time at the dinner table. Perhaps, nobody cares to notice that this new version of the ideal American family is being served dinner by a Black maid, a stock, hackneyed and stereotypical white idea of Black

Sunday, September 22, 2019

What is the evidence of debate ideas to a critical period (CP) effect Essay

What is the evidence of debate ideas to a critical period (CP) effect and What are the flaws - Essay Example Various studies have been largely conducted with the basis of debating on this hypothesis and the ideas that affect the critical period. Subsequently, there have been studies conducted too with a view to assessing the flaws that have surrounded this hypothesis, particularly in relation to the selective overview of the theoretical issues and empirical findings that relate to the question of the second language acquisition and a person’s age (White, 2003). In this study, the concentration point shall be laid on the flaws that have been experienced with in relation to the ideas of the critical period effect. To achieve this, a degree of familiarity has been assumed on the familiarity of readers in connection to specific linguistic structures that relate to this hypothesis. Subsequently, it is assumed that the audience is well informed of the methodology in relation to the critical period effect. In discussing the critical period debate, publications that have been made on the same shall form the basis of the analysis taking into consideration the availability of the concepts that have been geared towards the support for the hypothesis. For instance, according to Birdsong (2006), an understanding into the debate of critical period effect requires that brain based data and the behavior of individuals be discussed in relation to the cognitive neuro-functioning and neurocognitive aging of persons. His first argument is that there is a demonstrably different outcome in the acquisition of a second language among adults in comparison to the acquisition of the first language among children. A departure from this basic observation is what has triggered the attempts by various researchers to seek for an understanding of the age-related effects of acquiring a second language based on the hypothesis of the critical period. According to Qingxin (2012), there is no existence of a critical/sensitive learning period for the second language. The argument

Saturday, September 21, 2019

The differences in competencies Essay Example for Free

The differences in competencies Essay Write a formal paper (750-1,000 words) discussing the differences in competencies(ability of an individual to do a job properly) between nurses prepared at the associate-degree level versus the baccalaureate-degree level in nursing. For additional help finding research on this topic, refer to the library tutorial located at in the Student Success Center. Identify a patient care situation in which you describe how nursing care or approaches to decision-making may differ based upon the educational preparation of the nurse (BSN versus a diploma or ADN degree). RUBRIC: Differences in competencies between nurses based on degree level are accurate and supported with detail, while demonstrating deeper understanding by incorporating prior learning. Use of patient care situation to describe differences in approach to nursing care based upon formal educational preparation in nursing is accurate and supported with detail, while demonstrating deeper understanding by incorporating prior learning. Identify a patient care situation in which you describe how nursing care or approaches to decision-making may differ based upon the educational preparation of the nurse I. Introduction (1 paragraph) A. Thesis: BSN is better than ADN. 1. Why? a. More choices of employment b. More critical thinking developed c. Better pay d. I can specialize in healthcare areas and teach on these subjects (ex. wound care, tele) II. Body (5 paragraphs): Argument: A. Positives and negatives of ADN nurse 1. Positives: a. Get a degree in shorter amount of time but still get paid an RNs wage b. Get ADN and work and be making money and still support family while attaining BSN c. Get experience on the unit before accomplishing BSN degree (not so new feeling) 2. Negatives: a. Cannot work in hospital administration b. Is not up to magnet status B. Positives and negatives of BSN nurse

Friday, September 20, 2019

Critical Thinking About Health And Medicine Nursing Essay

Critical Thinking About Health And Medicine Nursing Essay As defined by Michael Scriven and Richard Paul (1987), critical thinking is intellectual disciplined process of applying skills, concepts, analyzing, synthesizing , evaluation of information got by, observation, reasoning, experience, reflection, as a guidance towards an action. Edward Glaser (1941) defined critical thinking as an attitude of thinking towards solving problems that comes within the range of ones experience. Critical thinking is intellectual disciplined process of applying skills, concepts, analyzing, synthesizing, evaluation of information got by, observation, reasoning, experience, reflection, as guidance towards an action. Definitions Comparison The common things about the given definitions are, critical thinking leads toward achieving a certain goal. Also, one must have a problem and using the experience acquired, action is taken towards getting the solution. The differences between the definitions are, according to Michael Scriven and Richard Paul (1987), critical thinking is taken as an intellectual process while Edward Glaser (1941) portrays it as an attitude. The later also see as a way of solving a problem but the former say that it leads to taking the necessary action. The first definition also gives us a consistence way in which critical thinking works, but the second one just talk of range in which one is experienced. Definition that Suite Nursing Process A nurse should follow a careful and systematic process in executing his/her duty and thus the best suited definition is that of Michael Scriven and Richard Paul (1987). First nursing duty requires a lot of intellectual skills and discipline. This is because there is no room for mistakes. Once a mistake is done either through ignorance or through carelessness a life somewhere is lost. For a nurse, every detail offered by the sick person is very important. Thus analyzing each concepts and synthesizing the information given is equally important. This is because, if she/he is trying to diagnose a certain disease, fine details are required to ensure that the disease suffered is the one treated. For a nurse, before any action is taken clear observation is done. This is will always eliminate the idea of guess work because one is dealing with peoples life. Appropriate reasoning is required in nursing to ensure that required action in treatment is taken. This is enhanced by proper reflection and strong experience in the nursing field. Thus integrating all the required procedures as stipulated in the definition of critical thinking by Michael Scriven and Richard Paul (1987) the nurse in his/her full capacity will be able to execute duties fully. Definition of Critical Thinking and its Relevance in Clinical Decision Making Critical thinking is a strong concept acquired through the process of approaching an issue using systematic skills and experience attained by virtue of education, interaction, communication, observation and through analysis and accurate data correction and entry using appropriate facts towards attaining most appropriate solution. For a decision to be arrived in the nursing field one has to probe thoroughly and critically examine the information gotten before making the final decision. Taking a example of a nurse working in the Intensive Care Unit where the patient may be in coma and must be treated. The process of approaching such an issue requires a systematic skills and experience for an appropriate decision making. Such skills are adapted through critical thinking with the use of knowledge and existing facts when well interpreted. Practitioners in nursing must be accurate and precise in making decisions. They should always be lead by the virtue of listening; collecting appropriate data, analyzing it correctly and by the norms and intellectual standards of nursing gives a correct decision. In a hospital setting, there are always hustle and bustles. Patients entering and others leave. So, a nurse is required to be sane to be able to execute his/her duty. Thus without communicating to the fellow nurses, one my find it difficult to give correct information. So communication is vital to help judge once decision by comparing different ideas before giving a decision that you may not be well conversant with. Education is a very important aspect in critical thinking. Especially for a nurse, one should be well informed on type of disease patient is suffering from. Some diseases have very close symptoms thus without good knowledge, one is liable of making a mistake in arriving at decision on how to treat or prescribe medicine. The consequences of wrong prescription or treatment may lead to permanent personal damage or death. Thus, to perfect once degree of critical thinking, education is very important. In course of practicing clinical work, it is advisable also to attend different medical trainings and workshops that will act as refresher courses to refresh once critical thinking. Another very important issue is interaction. Once you interact with many people of similar profession, you get to acquire different ideas that you had not thought of. This will always boost your capability of judgment on issues. Interactions help one to broaden once mind and enhance once ability of making good decision. It is also a form of exposure that helps one to have extra experience from different broad minded people. Interaction may also be exposure to different disease diagnose and different patient. This gives one confidence in future to deal with the same ailment or patient of similar sickness with ease. Professional Development Strategies Plan To Improve Critical Thinking Skills When Making Clinical Decisions. Getting information is paramount in improving critical thinking. The information of those things that seem not to clear can be gotten from different clinical materials. One can read health and clinical journals, intellectual journals, go to clinical website or else hospital library. Most of the information is learnt from the environment we are in. for example, one has to analyze his/her environment to understand what is required of him/her or not. Different people have different likes and preferences. As a nurse you are either helping a doctor in surgery room, or attending patient in the hospital. Thus, one should always be guided by professional ethics as you try to analyze group influence. This will help you improve your critical thinking. To improve clinical critical thinking, one has to internalize intellectual standards required in nursing. Such things as accuracy in data collection, clarity in drugs prescription among others must always be on the finger tips. These qualities should be practiced on daily basis to make them part of life. As a nurse one should fight with once ego. This makes one to be bias in judging a certain scenario unconsciously. This may lead to making bad decisions. So practicing intellectual traits and admitting when you go wrong will make you go miles away as far as decision making is concerned.

Thursday, September 19, 2019

The Sex during the Victorian Era Essay -- discrimation, sex, women

The Victorian era brought about many changes and the introduction of new things. One issue that stood out was â€Å"The Sex.† Many things evolved around this issue like changes in laws all over, it became a topic for literary poets/ writers and also for the woman question. This term means discrimination based on a person’s sex and during the 19th century this was a vast issue toward women. This all Started from the early Victorian era with queen victoria, who was the monarch of the united kingdom of Great Britain from 1837- 1901. Being the queen she played a very substantial role during this time. As a wife she showed a domestic side. She supported Prince Albert, had his children, became very submissive and devoted to her husband a family. This image she portrayed became a trend to the outside world. Most people looked at this as what the ideal woman was during this era. The sex was a topic that began to spread and women started to fight for their voices to be heard. There were introductions of new laws in many countries such as the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, and etcetera....

Wednesday, September 18, 2019

Euthanasia Essay: Eugenics To Euthanasia :: Free Euthanasia Essay

Eugenics To Euthanasia      Ã‚   This essay presents the appeal which euthanasia has to modern society. What is this appeal based on? Is it a valid appeal? These and other questions are addressed in this paper.    See if this story sounds familiar: A happily married couple - she is a pianist; he a rising scientist - have their love suddenly tested by a decline in the wife's health. Diagnosed with multiple sclerosis, she falls victim to a steady loss of muscle control and paralysis. The desperate husband uses all his professional skills to save her. But ultimately he must watch her deteriorate in hideous pain. The wife worries that she will soon no longer be "a person anymore - just a lump of flesh - and a torture" for her husband. She begs her husband to kill her before that happens. And eventually, worn down, the reluctant husband releases his wife from her misery with poison.    The husband is indicted for murder. But the understanding judge and jury soon agree that, given the circumstances, the husband is not a killer, and the law needs to be reformed. Meanwhile, in impassioned public comments, the husband attacks "the proponents of outmoded beliefs and antiquated laws" who inflict unnecessary anguish on the terminally ill, "who suffer without hope and whose death would be deliverance for them."    The story fits comfortably with today's medical headlines. It could easily be a 20/20 segment or a page from Jack Kevorkian's latest trial. But it comes from another era. Produced in 1941, it's the plot line of I Accuse, one of the Third Reich's most effective propaganda films. I Accuse was created for one reason only: to advance the Nazi campaign of euthanasia for the mentally and physically handicapped, "antisocial elements," and the terminally ill. And it worked. It was a big box-office success. It's also the classic example of how compassion can be manipulated to justify mass killing - first in the name of mercy, then in the name of cost and utility.    Obviously, America today is not Germany in 1941. Americans have a practical sense of justice that favors the weak and the little guy. But if we want to keep it that way, we shouldn't assume that merely knowing about a past tragedy prevents us from repeating it. We need to learn from history. And

Tuesday, September 17, 2019

Domestic Violence Against Women and Children Essay -- Violence Against

One of the most complicated issues facing health care professionals and governmental agencies today is that of domestic violence. Domestic violence encompasses any violence that is inflicted upon one family member by another family member. Thus, domestic violence can be described as spouse abuse, child abuse, sibling abuse, or elder abuse. Most authorities suggest that domestic violence is typically expressed in violence against women and children. Such acts of violence can involve health care professionals in the treatment of physical injuries, the psychological impact upon the victim, or the aggressive behavior of the abuser. Often governmental agencies are called upon to investigate such matters to ensure the safety of the victims or to determine appropriate punishment for the offender. However, given the importance of the bonds and rights of the family that our culture maintains, it is difficult to determine when the situation at home â€Å"is no one’s business† and when it merits intervention from outside parties in order to protect the welfare of those involved. Despite these difficulties and complexities, domestic violence is considered to be a worldwide health problem necessitating urgent intervention (â€Å"A Priority Health,† 1998). The purpose of this paper is to explore the incidence and treatment regarding domestic violence. Incidence   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The occurrence of domestic violence appears to be a worldwide problem occurring in every nation on earth. The small island of Fiji reports incidents of husbands killing wives over marital disputes (Adinkrah, 1999). Japanese officials refer to domestic violence as a â€Å"hidden crime† (Mieko, 1999). One survey conducted by the local government of Tokyo indicated that: one-third of the women interviewed had suffered physical violence from their husbands, violence was repeatedly inflicted on almost seven percent of the women, and over three percent indicated that they had been beaten severely. The government of India suspects that at least five thousand women were burned to death in 1991 by their husbands over marital conflicts (Singh & Unnithan, 1999).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although Sweden is generally considered a country sensitive to social and family issues, it is also plagued with incidents of domestic violence. Consequently, the Swedish government introduced a new offense in 1998 ... ... from maritally violent homes. Families in Society, 75(7), 403-415. A priority health issue. (1998). World Health, 51(5), 15. Reid, S. T. (1991). Crime and criminology, 4th ed. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston. Russell, D. E. H. (1984) Sexual exploitation: Rape, child sexual abuse, and workplace harassment. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Singh, R. N., & Unnithan, N. P. (1999). Wife burning: Cultural cues for lethal violence against women among Asian Indians in the United States. Violence Against Women, 5(6), 641﷓653.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Straus, M. A. (1977). Wife-beating: How common and why?† Victimology, 2(3-4), 443-458.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tutty, L. M., Bidgood, B. A., & Rothery, M. A. (1996). Evaluating the effect of group process and client variables in support groups for battered women. Research on Social Work Practice, 6(3), 308-324. Ways for Child Protective Service social workers and caseworkers to integrate domestic violence issues into case practice. (1997). Public Welfare, 55(3), 10. Ways for Child Protective Service supervisors to integrate domestic violence issues into case practice. (1997). Public Welfare, 55(3), 8.

Monday, September 16, 2019

Mind and Citadel Essay

Masculinity is the properties characteristic of the male sex. Characteristics include strength, toughness, brutality and many more. All of which are the characteristics of the boys who attended The Citadel in hopes of leaving the school as men. Susan Faludi, author of The Naked Citadel, writes about the problems within the prestigious school, the major problem, being sexism. The Citadel’s problem can be almost clearly supported by Malcom Gladwell’s Power of Context argument from his book the Tipping Point. The militaristic environment at the Citadel changes each cadet’s character into an extreme emotionally ruined version of who they once were. These changes turn into violence in the extreme. Perception is the key to many disagreements within society. This holds true in the situation that affects The Citadel. When a girl, Shannon Faulkner, applies to be the first female admitted to the Cadet Corps. She attempts to mess with the system by leaving out her gender. The perception at the Citadel is that women would not be a good fit in the school. Tradition has a major part with this. It is apparent that Shannon’s entrance to the Citadel has proven to become a threat to the Citadel community since it is an all-male institution, intended to train real men. The Citadel has always been an all boy school as â€Å"except of course, they weren’t really boys at all. These were college men† (Faludi 78). Who’s to say however that they are in fact men? What defines a man? Within the society a man is expected to think, act and live in a masculine manner. Showing emotions or sensitivity is considered taboo among the males. In the Citadel a man can act in a manner in which the threat of breaking the public norms is not eminent. The way of life in the Citadel made it almost impossible to live for a woman. Society as a whole saw the Citadel as an established all male school and they were determined to keep it that way. However, this perception is based on what is seen from an outside perspective. Gladwell defines this aspect of perception of character as the FAE, Fundamental Attribution Error. Gladwell writes, â€Å"The mistake we make in thinking of character as something unified and all-encompassing is very similar to a kind of blind spot in the way we process information† (162). If character is something unified, then everyone must be classified as one in the same. The mistake the Citadel is making is having their all boy school rule become a blind spot for the future. The future that lies ahead can never be, if the Citadel sticks to their tradition. While tradition is what made the school so prestigious, a change in time may also need a change in tradition. A women can just as easily â€Å"be one of the guys† as any other guy. While men have defining characteristics that make them appear different from women, there are many attributes, such as personality that isn’t so distinctive between certain people. The Citadel being filled with men who everyone knew would resist the idea of a women being admitted to the school, needed someone who could â€Å"fit† in. â€Å"Robert Patterson, the Citadel attorney who had previously represented V. M. I. , asked Astin, his voice full of unflattering insinuation about the kind of woman he imagined her to be. Astin: I suppose the same as the kind of men who want to go there. Patterson: Would it be a woman that would not be all that different from men? Astin: Yes. † (Faludi 95). This quick interrogation of Alexander Astin explains that men and women are not different after all. While Patterson thought he found the winning point to his case, he actually put himself and the Citadel in a hole. Women, who would apply to The Citadel, feel that they have the ability to compete with the existing me inside. Everyone knew how the Citadel was run. It was filled with aggressive men under military rules. But Shannon Faulkner still applied. Sharron Faulkner was the type of women that Patterson perceived would be able to attend the Citadel. You could cite her memory that as a small child she preferred playing outside with the boys to playing with certain girls whom she deemed â€Å"too prissy†Ã¢â‚¬  (Faludi 96). Shannon was always, â€Å"one of the boys†. Her background and general attitude is extremely similar to anyone of the â€Å"men† at the Citadel. Even with this, the Citadel is still against the idea. â€Å"The psychologist Walter Mischel argues that the human mind has a kind of â€Å"reducing valve† that â€Å"creates and maintains the perception of continuity even in the face of perpetual observed changes in actual behavior† (Gladwell 162). The way our mind works, it is hard for people to have multiple views on something. In the case of the Citadel, society perceived the school as a strict all boy school that is not suitable for any women. Society also perceived Shannon as just a woman. â€Å"Just† isn’t putting down that aspect, but that is all that society saw her as. So if the Citadel is looked at and known as an all boys militaristic school that women would never be able to step foot into as a student and Shannon was looked at as just a woman then in no way shape or form would she ever be allowed to attend that school. That’s the problem with our society. We base our judgment on what we see, not on what we know. Any women who is willing to put herself through that type of embarrassment and trouble and even death threats just to get into a school, in my mind is more of a man than any of those kids in the Citadel. Society is filled with stereotypes and that is what everyone is based off of. You, the next guy and me will always be looked at by society as part of a stereotype. This is the problem with the Citadel, and society in general. Perception is key in all events that occur at the Citadel. Perception plays a strong role in the Power of Context as wells as sexism at the Citadel. The focus on environment is the main aspect of the Power of Context. It says the people are â€Å"acutely sensitive to their environment† (Gladwell 159). People are therefore prompted to do certain things based on their perception of their environment. This is exactly what was occurring at the Citadel. The cadets were prompted to react physically towards each other based on what their perception of a man was. Knobs told me that they were forced to run through the showers while the upperclassman â€Å"gaurds† knocked the soap out of their hands and, when the knobs leaned over to retrieve it the upperclassman would unzip their pants and yell, â€Å"Don’t pick it up, don’t pick it up! We’ll use you like we used those girls! † (Faludi 105). The Citadel continually expresses the idea of being a man. However, the upperclassman takes advantage of this and confuses strength of a man with violence. These knobs that come into the university as boys, are turning into emotionally stunted individuals. They lack the understanding of a real man. As well as what it means to be in a relationship a part from other men. Women, whether they believe so or not, are a great importance to the future of the Citadel. The reality of the Citadel, however, is that it’s producing less â€Å"men† and more homosexuals. This may in fact be a direct result of no women in the vicinity. â€Å"When a Citadel attorney asked Doucet why female cadets would pose a problem on the campus, the only issue he raised was the humiliation that cadets feel if women observe the cadets’ on-campus interactions† (Faludi 104). Humiliation may be one of the strongest emotions that can alter ones character forever. However, if women were allowed in the school than humiliation would not be an issue because the men would change their ways to please women. Women posed no actual threat to the school, except the embarrassment of the cadets. Is that even a legitimate reason to prevent a girl of getting an education? Shannon was faced with more humiliation and threats than the boys in the school could ever imagine. Then, as they turned back to the house, they saw that across the white porch columns and along the siding of the house, the words, â€Å"Bitch,† â€Å"Dyke,† â€Å"Whore,† and â€Å"Lesbo† (Faludi 94). The Citadel Cadets were criticizing Shannon Faulkner because she wanted to be accepted. It just so happens that all the terms they used all categorized her as a man. Shannon could speak, act and dress like a man but no matter what she will never be able to be fully accepted beca use in their minds only a man a true man is suited for the school. The controversy at the Citadel is a sad but eye opening example of how our society is. Society puts them in a mindset where only one way is the right way. If society can open up their brains to more opportunities than a lot of problems would be alleviated. Malcom Gladwell poses the reasoning of the Citadels problems with the idea of the Power of Context. There is so much that goes on in a situation that it should never be that easy to give an answer. The situation at the Citadel is un-fair and wrong. Women are just as smart and important as men and should have the same rules. But in that argument, if you want to be treated the same, you can’t complain.

Sunday, September 15, 2019

Rise of Totalitarianism

At the end of World War I, totalitarianism began to rise. To keep the countries at peace they created The League Of Nations. It did not execute its duties well, and failed to enforce treaties, and prevent invasions. At the end of the war France designed the Treaty of Versailles to punish Germany, and it caused many problems in Germany. The rise of totalitarianism could have been stopped if, the Treaty of Versailles was not as severe, the League of Nations was more effective, and had their not been an economic downfall.The Treaty of Versailles had some harsh regulations. This treaty stated Germany had to pay high reparations, take the blame for the war, have land taken from them, have their military reduced, and League of Nations taking over seas colonies. If it was not for this treaty Germany would not have had the rise of Nazism. The main goal of Nazism was to reunite the German speaking people and they could not do that if all the German speaking countries were spilt up. Alsace Lor raine was taken from Germany and given back to France.Other countries were stripped from Germany and were given to Poland, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, and some made independent countries showing self-determination. All this did was anger the German people, because they blame the signing of the treaty on the people known as the â€Å"November Criminals†. The Weimar Republic did not know who to blame for the defeat and faced many problems similar to that. Revolts let out and so did street gangs. Horrible inflation happened due to the high reparations in the 1920s. This caused many German citizens to have very little hope in the government.Hitler came into power by gaining control of the Nazi Party and got support for finding blame for the war. Hitler blamed the Jews for Germany’s loss in World War I and the economic downfall. In the 1930s Hitler started to use communism uprising as a threat to gain power. He went against the other political parties and set up a fas cist totalitarian state in Germany based on the ideas of Stalin and Mussolini. Each regulation of this treaty led to each event in Germany causing the rise of Hitler and the Nazi party. The League of Nations came along after World War I.The point of the League  was to make sure a war was never to break out again, and keep world peace stabilized. All the countries counted on the League to bring stability into the world. They did not want another disaster to happen, and to avoid this they created an international body whose sole purpose was to maintain world peace. One major problem was this was created when the United States was in isolationism; this meant that the US was not a part of the League. As America was the one of the world’s most powerful country this was a major weakness in the League of Nations. Germany was also not in the League due to the Treaty of Versailles.One of their punishments was not being considered a part of the international community. In 1917 Russia was not allowed to join the League also. Mainly due to the communist government in Russia. This league was lacking powerful countries and that was a big deal if they wanted international peace. The League of Nations did not have an army, therefore, how are they supposed to reinforce the Treaty of Versailles and the peace between countries. The League of Nations would have worked if it was more organized. It also could have prevented the rise of Hitler when everything went bad in Germany.Hitler refused to pay the reparations when he came into power and the League of Nations could not have done anything about it because they had no army. If the League was more organized it could have stop the rise of totalitarianism. Germany was unable to pay was reparations. They had terrible inflation, and their currency became worthless. France was aware of the high reparation costs putting Germany into a great depression. Things got better in Germany for a little until the stock market crashes in 1929 known as Black Tuesday and put Germany back into an economic crisis.This all lead to the overthrow of the government starting with the Freikorps. In 1920 the Freikorps attempted to overthrow the Weimar Republic and tried to blame the communist for it. Germany was in horrible shape with its economy and they would try anything to get out of it. Hitler actually had his reason for this economic crisis it was blaming the Jews. Any sort of way out the German people went along with because they were desperate for help. Hitler banned strikes, placed strict controls on wages and prices to end unemployment and try to improve the economy.He violated the treaty by increasing the military to help unemployment. The League had nothing to stop this so had to let it go by. Germany going into the great depression due to these high reparations is what caused the German people to become desperate and look toward anyone for help. They choose Hitler to listen to and he turns Germany into a fascist totalitarian state. Some countries in Europe during the 1920s were falling apart, and need help desperately. Totalitarian leaders are what these countries came to with Hitler, Stalin, Mussolini, and Mao.The League of Nations was created to stabilize the world and bring peace. But the League had nothing to back it up except for their own word. These European countries economies were crashing, and Germany was in an economic crisis. The German people had to turn to a totalitarian leader to get out of it. Hitler got those jobs and helped the unemployment rate. Totalitarianism could have been stop if the Treaty of Versailles was not as harsh, the League of Nations was put together better, and if the economy had not turn terribly.

Coming of Age Speech: Dragon Keeper by Carole Wilkinson

What defines ones personality? What moulds ones identity? Coming of age is a crucial phase in life. It’s the time where our character is shaped through challenges we face and experiences we encounter. Coming of age is displayed throughout the novel, Dragon Keeper by Carole Wilkinson. There are three main stages of coming of age; changes, gaining independence and sense of belonging. All these ideas are depicted in the novel using various language techniques. Change is the initial and most noticeable stage of coming of age. It occurs both physically and mentally, and it plays a major role in the configuration of characters. Change is displayed when Ping looks in the mirror for the first time in several months and thinks to herself â€Å" my rosy red cheeks have faded into a rich cream colour and my skin looks as soft as silk†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This combination of alliteration and a simile describes the physical changes that ping has undergone and it shows that as Ping began to face more challenges her rate of development increased as well as these physical changes ping was face with many mental changes. Independence is a pivotal attribute in order for survival. Independence is one of the hardest characteristics to gain in the novel. Ping gains independence at a relatively early stage. It is conspicuous that the idea of independence is expressed particularly in the scene where Ping meets her master. She makes it clear to him and I quote â€Å" im not that little girl anymore†¦ ive learnt to defend myself†. Belonging Is a vital factor to ensure an exultant and joyful life. It’s the time of realisation. Realising where you want to be and realising who you really needs you and who you really need. Ping gains that sense of belonging towards the end of her journey to Tai Shi Mountain she says, â€Å" I look back, I can’t believe it. Finally im here. I belong here. They need me here† There is a noticeable change in the length of the sentences in this quote. Coming of age is the most valuable and substantial stage in life. It is the time where personalities, characters and identifies are formed through challenges we encounter and experiences we face. Coming of age can be split into three main steps: the first is changes, the second being independence and the third sense of belonging. All these ideas are depicted throughout the novel as Ping faces a variety of events that configure her character as she comes of age. THANKYOU ( ( It tells the story of a young slave girl named ping who was adopted at a very young age by her sinister master. He treats her like she’s worthless and he takes advantage of her. Eventually, she gains the courage to flee from her master and sets out on a mystical, enlightening and dangerous journey. On this journey she comes across many challenges and experiences and her identity begins to form, all while she is going through the process of coming of age This represented by a mixture of juxtaposition and personification while ping is trapped in the dragons den. I quote â€Å"As I sit there in the dark of my thoughts I see light beginning to creep in and suddenly I feel this jolt. I know ill be free once again†. This quote describes pings spontaneous mental transformation. The ray of light represents that glimpse of hope that Ping gains. Both these physical and mental changes are key factors in order for Ping to come of age. These changes are climatical points in the definition of her character. These changes lead to Ping’s ability to gain independence. This quote contains an ellipse at mid- sentence. This allows the reader to stop and reflect on just how much Ping has changed. She metamorphosed from a helpless young youth to one independent young woman. Independence is an enormous milestone in the formation of identity and it is the primary step of coming of age before reaching a sense of belonging. They get significantly shorter and they’re repetitive. This exaggerates Pings excitement, She is hysterical just knowing that someone actually needs her. This sense of belonging is the concluding moment in Pings process of coming of age. It is the final piece that assists on the configuration of character.

Saturday, September 14, 2019

Education ethics Essay

Formulating my Philosophy of education seems difficult, but has taught me what we as educators have to focus on, we have to concentrate on what unites us in our career choice, we have to always remember that we are providing a service, and the customer is our number 1 priority. Education is the act or process of imparting or acquiring general knowledge, developing the powers of reasoning and judgment, and generally of preparing oneself or others intellectually for mature life. Philosophy is a human being’s attempt to think speculatively, reflectively, and systematically about the universe and the human relationship to that universe. To educate a child, a lot of things have to be considered, we have to know why we teach, what to teach and how to teach. Knowledge of the students is very vital. I believe that every learner†¦.. * Is unique, for he is fearfully & wonderfully created by God, & so comparing a child to other children has no basis. * Has a natural interest in learning & is capable of learning * Has different learning styles & aptitudes * Has a delicate mind * Has worth and can learn I believe that there are unchanging values in changing times & these must be passed on to every child by my modeling. I believe being given the opportunity to instruct the youth of today and the leaders of tomorrow requires high moral and ethical standards to be met. Teachers, although they are still human, need to be held to a higher level of accountability than most other professions. We are not only being expected to instruct subject matter, but to set standards for the social ability of our students. This list of ethics would not only strengthen the profession, but society as a whole. I know it is difficult to enforce codes of ethics and morality, but as does a physician swear to hold up ethical standards, so should our teachers. Being entrusted with such a remarkable opportunity to mold our society requires an unwavering commitment. I believe that education should be a process of ongoing growth, not just preparation for becoming an adult. I believe that my task as a teacher is to facilitate the development of every child to the optimum & to maximum by: * Reaching out to all children without bias & prejudice towards the least of the children. * Touching the lives of thousands of youth, promote their wellness, and educate their minds. * Providing a quality education to each individual in ones classroom * Equipping children with tools necessary for success in life. We get into teaching because we believe we can make a difference even if only in the life of one child, and it makes it all worth it. And we come across the students whose lives we have impacted and we know that what we do does make a difference. † I feel that to educate the entire child more than one personal education philosophy is needed. A teacher needs to discover what philosophy or philosophies work in today’s classroom dependent upon the teacher and on society. It is my goal for my students to have complimenting dimensions, a strong individualistic nature that works and plays well with other members of society.

Friday, September 13, 2019

Ardipithecus Ramidus and Its Relationship to Humans and Chimpanzees Term Paper

Ardipithecus Ramidus and Its Relationship to Humans and Chimpanzees - Term Paper Example The hominoid gap is the first and is said to date back to approximately 22-32 million years ago. This is the period that the human and ape ancestors were diverging from the monkeys’ evolution path. The other gap is the hominid gap and is estimated to date back to about 4.5 to 14 million years ago. It is believed that during this period, the human ancestors and extant ape ancestors separated from a common evolution path. Hominids refer to the human ancestors after the divergence from the last common ancestor with extant apes. Recently, fossil evidence bridging the hominid gap was discovered in 1992 in Aramis, Northern Ethiopia by a group of researchers. The discovery of Ardipithecus ramidus changes the initial belief that the common ancestor between man and extant apes looked more like a chimpanzee. The characteristics of the Ardipithecus ramidus are more similar to those of humans and therefore, the extant apes must have developed their traits after their evolution path and th at of humans separated. This discussion explores the Ardipithecus ramidus’ relationship to Chimpanzees and humans. Ardipithecus Ramidus Ardipithecus ramidus is believed to be 4.4 million years old and its discovery has changed the belief that human beings evolved from chimpanzees. Ardipithecus ramidus walked upright like humans and had a big toe for holding trees like apes. Before the discovery of Ardipithecus ramidus, the oldest early human skeleton was that of Australopithecus afarensis, also known as Lucy. Lucy is believed to be 3.2 million years old. Australopithecus afarensis was also discovered in Ethiopia and had many common characteristics with human beings. Therefore, the earlier ancestry between humans and apes was missing. The first specimen of Ardipithecus ramidus was discovered in 1992. The fossils were found in sediment layers which are approximately 4.4 million years old. The skull, arms feet, pelvis, and teeth were later discovered. The features of Ardipithecu s ramidus such as lack of ape-like canines show that she was not an ancestor of modern chimpanzees (White et al., 2009). Studies of evolution have been trying to determine the reason for the distinctiveness of human beings in terms of being bipedal, having high intellectual and technological capabilities, and other traits that distinguish them from extant apes. Before the discovery of Ardipithecus ramidus fossils, the evolution of humans was based on the characteristics of African apes. It was believed that these unique abilities that humans possess evolved from the modification of the traits of chimpanzees and bonobos, which are the closest human relatives. Human behavior was viewed as a modification of the chimpanzees’ characteristics such as the dominance of males, hunting, culture, upright feeding posture, among others (Harrison, 2010). The discovery of Ardipithecus ramidus sheds light into the period of hominid development after splitting from the common ancestor with ap es. Before Ardipithecus ramidus was discovered, scientists believed that the last common ancestor looked more like a chimpanzee than humans. They believed that the modern apes got many of their traits from this ancestor, such as walking on knuckles and hanging and swinging on trees. Characteristics of apes such as short backs, limbs, and pelvis which are appropriate for walking on knuckles and arms for swinging and hanging on trees were believed to have originated from the last common ancestor. It was believed that after the split, the human ancestors dropped the characteristics of the common ancestor such as sharp canines and walking on knuckles while the ancestors of the chimpanzees retained them up to the present. However, these beliefs are refuted by Ardipithecus

Thursday, September 12, 2019

Free Market Commitments of the European Union on a Pragmatic Practice Research Paper

Free Market Commitments of the European Union on a Pragmatic Practice Basis - Research Paper Example The European governments had to remove all forms of tariffs and measures equivalent to quotas. Restrictions on the freedom to supply services are lifted. However, the Non-Tariff Barriers (NTBs)still since the Rome Treaty provided the Community institutions with powers to control the NTBs. The SEM had a common currency. The euro, which was introduced in 2002, is the single European currency which had replaced the national currencies of the 27 member countries of the European Union (euroland) that began on 1 January 1999. The exchange rates of the euroland countries were fixed to the euro. While marking a milestone in the European Union's economic integration process, the launch of the euro has significance beyond Europe. Some economists and financial experts believe the euro could become a major international currency that can pose a threat to the US dollar. The European Competition Policy applies rules to make sure that companies compete with each other and, in order to sell their pr oducts, innovate and offer good prices to European consumers. The economic core of the EEC called for the free movement of goods, capital, services, and people among its original members. For instance, Article 81 of the Maastricht Treaty, which helped establish the EU, refers explicitly to the prohibition of practices which "limit or control production, markets, technical development, or investment." To implement the EU’s competition policy, there are designated competition commissioners. All 27 national competition authorities in the EU are able to apply EU rules at their local level in consultation with the Competition Commission.

Wednesday, September 11, 2019

Mechanical Behaviour of Polypropylene Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mechanical Behaviour of Polypropylene - Essay Example These differences mean that the materials react differently with agents from the environment. Therefore, manufacturer must be in a position to appreciating these differences to avoid the production of plastic materials and products with premature failures commonly referred to as nasty and cheap. The plastic containers adopt the pseudo-elastic design methodology, which involves substitution of appropriate Poisson’s ratio and values of Modulus (that depend on temperature and appropriate time). The substitution involves using elastic standardised strain solutions, which depends on the geometry of the part and the load configuration. The method is appropriate for experimenting and investigating the design failures for polypropylene tanks. Some of the successful approach involve analysing the stress to the 4th order of the linear differentiation (Lewis and Weidmann, 1999a; Lewis and Weidmann, 1999b). The equation takes into consideration the transition between the vertical and the horizontal dimensions as well as the thickness. The manifestations of these transitions are accounted when the wall of the tank increases through radial expansion. The phenomenon can be described as stress concentration. The method involve assessing the strength parameters based on general values like stability (buckling, kinking), deformation (excessive bends), and strain or stress. Most failed tanks will fail at the welded construction at the joint level. Therefore, the best approach is to adopt a limiting stress criteria, which will aim to provide conservative alternatives to the problem (Lewis and Weidmann, 1999a; Lewis and Weidmann, 1999b). The design of the tank is very important. The hydrostatic pressure increases linearly and proportionally with the tank’s height. This means that the most appropriate strategy of resisting the pressure is by increasing the tank thickness. The same principle is applicable when constructing the walls

Tuesday, September 10, 2019

Why is Chinas Economic Growth Slowing Down Essay

Why is Chinas Economic Growth Slowing Down - Essay Example China single-handedly accounts for approximately one-fifth of the total world economic output; thereby, a slowdown in Chinese economy will hinder a global recovery. In addition, several of Asia’s largest and emerging economies have struck deal with China as a trading partner; hence, a downturn in Chinese economy will adversely affect them. Until 2010, Chinas economic growth rate was more than ten percent, which encouraged officials to boost domestic consumption combined with a reduction in exports to accomplish sustainable growth. Consequently, while the construction and industrial boom decelerated, the retail sales held up strong. Many of today’s economic issues can be traced back to the global financial crisis period between 2008 and 2009 when China attempted to accelerate economic growth through injecting capital and boosting government spending. Back then, the central government pumped tremendous amounts of money in the economy by investing in infrastructure and con struction industries. However, on the downside, this created excess capacity, property prices soared sky-high with a simultaneous rise in inflation and consumer costs. Faced with these economic plights and the fear of Chinese economy overheating, policymakers then implemented measures aimed at curtailing lending and slowing down inflation. Unfortunately, these measures along with a sharp drop in the global demand for Chinese goods triggered the recent cycle of a slowdown. A fact that Chinese policy makers failed to take into account is that credit does no more good to economy than steroids do to body, every time bigger injection are needed to maintain the desired effect. In 2011, Chinese economic growth rate was 9.2 percent in contrast to the rate of 10.4 percent during 2010. Despite the imminent cyclical weakness that will decelerate China’s economy, even more, Chinese officials claimed that there is a way out. The World Bank has also supported this argument as it stated tha t the prospects for a soft landing appear positive, as China has largely mitigated the domestic property bubble invigorated by speculation. Chinese officials hold that they are working to temper the super economic growth towards more sustainable growth without triggering an economic recession. One of such simulative measures included the recent cut in interest rates after June by The People’s Bank of China. Likewise, the central government is striving to spur growth by relaxing reserve requirements so that bank lending could accelerate, which in turn would lead to greater injections of credit in the economy (Bradsher â€Å"Heavy Lending Creates a Surge in Chinese Economy†). Although, the construction and industrial sectors have registered a slowdown; however, retail sales have stayed strong. The Chinese government is determined to rebalance the economy by reducing reliance on investment and exports and escalating domestic consumption (Bradsher â€Å"Chinese Official R eaffirms ‘Rebalancing’ of Economy†). Policymakers hold that the government is empowered with myriad tools to prevent an economic collapse. They pointed out how unlike other major economies such as America and United Kingdom, China managed to survive through 2009’s recessionary period, marked by extensive layoffs and social unrest. Officials contend that they are deliberately aiming for sustainable growth after double-digit growth registered in the previous years that overheat the economy. Therefore, for them, the economic slowdown is solely a planned action. Official economic statistics released by China are futile in stopping the economic squabbling about the soft landing prospects for Chinese economy. The increasing

Monday, September 9, 2019

Case study business law Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business law - Case Study Example For an adequate notice, all that is important is reasonable steps be taken b the proferens in bringing the exemption clause’s contents and existence to the notice of the individual that the clause is to be used against before or even during the time that the contract is entered into. When we take a look at the Balmain New Ferry Co v Robertson case, we find that it is without doubt that the requirement can be fulfilled by b the placement of the exemption’s terms on a notably displayed sign which would possible be seen by any normal or reasonable individual before or even during the time that they enter into the contract. A good case in instance is, Thomas v Shoe Lane Parking Ltd. Application: The board at the supermarket which had the readings ‘Nice to look at, Good to hold on, once broken considered sold,’ acts as a binding contract between Charles and the Bob Supermarket. It is clear that the supermarket met all the requirements to take care of its items a nd the clients as well. The clients or and any other person entering the supermarket is well made aware of the rules within the supermarket and any possible consequences once they are broken. Charles cannot claim to have not seen the notice as it is publicly displayed and should be seen by any reasonable individual. Conclusion: Therefore, the Bob Supermarket is right to ask Charles to pay for the broken tins of milk as there was sufficient notice to the clients as regards what is to be done within the supermarket or even how to interact with the items. Q2: Can Charles succeed in his claim against the Bob Supermarket for the poor quality of the phone and the poor photo taking quality? Discuss express and implied terms both under common law and the Sale of Goods Act 1986. Issues: Is the promise made by the Bob Supermarket to Charles bound by any law, or can it be considered legitimate? Principle: Past consideration cannot be considered to be a valid consideration (they are considered limited cases of exceptions where consequent promise would actually be binding). A good case in instance is Roscorla V Thomas. Consideration should be given to the actual promise that is given by the offerer. The consideration has to be simultaneous with the contract. Application: Exception usually come up where there will be a proper consideration if the offeree promises to make the payment and then consent to make a decision on the terms later; Servises that are offered at the request of the party making the promise, in conditions that come bring about an implication that a payment should be made for them; consequent promise might turn out to be binding in a contract of minors. Decision: There was no consideration since the contract had actually already been made before making the promise. This was therefore a past consideration. No breach of contract happened here as the promise made b the Bob Supermarket was not a compelling or valid consideration. Q3: Discuss whether the Bob Su permarket can use the exclusion terms effectively to protect themselves from Charles’ contract breach claims? Discuss using both common law principles and the Competition and Consumer Act 2010. Issue: The issue here is whether the warranty given was done before or during the time that the contract was entered or made by the parties. Judgment: The consumer protection constitutes organizations

Sunday, September 8, 2019

Water- soluble vitamin Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Water- soluble vitamin - Coursework Example Development of the bones is also affected and renal stones can also result due to vitamin c toxicity. Answer 2. Thiamin forms an essential component of the metabolic pathways of carbohydrates and it functions actively in the form of thiamin pyrophosphate in the metabolic processes including glycolysis, krebs cycle and the hexose monophosphate shunt. Riboflavin exists in the form of FAD and FMN and assists in energy generation from the carbohydrates, proteins as well as fats via the Krebs cycle as well as the electron transport chain. Niacin functions in the form of NAD and NADP and it is essential for up to two hundred reactions in the human body out of which the major reactions are the dehydrogenase ones. For proteins, it works for their modification following translation and for carbohydrates it assists in the reactions of glycolysis. Vitamin b6 exists mainly as pyridoxal phosphate and its main function is tin the biochemical conversion of one type of amino acid to another one. Answer 3. Beri beri which results due to thiamin deficiency is a serious condition because it affects the major systems of the body including the central nervous system, the cardiovascular system and the musculoskeletal system. Its results in an increase in heart size and in nervous system issues like convulsions. It also results in reduced tone in the muscles. Pellagra which is a deficiency disorder of niacin is also serious because it is characterized by loss of memory which may be irreversinle as well as severe disturbances in the gastrointestinal tract. Skin lesions are also present and in extreme cases the patients may die. Answer 4. Vegetarians are most likely to be at risk for the b vitamin deficiency diseases. This is because animal sources contain the b vitamins and only selected plant sources contain all of these vitamins. An example is vitamin b12 which is only present in the animal food sources.   Answer 5. Dementia

Saturday, September 7, 2019

Written Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Written Review - Essay Example On the contrary, an association with increased risk of breast cancer has been discovered. HRT could still be used for post-menopause syndromes. Nevertheless, it should not be used as primary prevention for CVDs and bone density diseases. Women’s health is considered to be one of the most crucial medical topics today. Such is why treatments of post menopausal conditions of women continue to be a topic largely investigated. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is noted to be widely used among the more developed countries (Nelson, 2008). In the United States, about one third of their population of women report to be users of HRT (Sharma, 2003). In this paper, the author aims to present the advantages and disadvantages of HRT. A review of 3 scientific medical journals will be presented and thoroughly appraised for its validity and reliability. The author hopes that by doing such, a clearer understanding of the benefits and risks of HRT will be achieved. According to Sharma (2003), hormone replacement therapy is widely used by women today because of its ability to treat symptoms of menopause and the chronic conditions associated with it. In his paper, Hormone Replacement Therapy in Menopause: Current concerns and considerations (Sharma, 2003), he launched into an in-depth critical analysis of past studies concerning HRT. His methodology involved a highly specific Medline research for papers written and submitted in the years 1997 to 2003. Only those written in the English language and have an abstract readily available were included in his study (Sharma, 2003). The specific key words used for his study involved hormone replacement therapy, estrogen replacement therapy, menopause and hormone replacement. He was also very thorough and set a criterion in which he would only include materials that are original. According to Sharma (2003) the use of HRT has a strong correlated effect on vasomotor symptoms.

Friday, September 6, 2019

Signs and Symptoms Essay Example for Free

Signs and Symptoms Essay ~Cough, Unintentional weight loss, Fatigue, Fever, Night Sweats, Chills, Lost of Appetite. â€Å"Treatment† With tuberculosis, you must take antibiotics for at least six to nine months. The exact drugs and length of treatment depend on your age, overall health, possible drug resistance, the form of TB (latent or active) and the infections location in the body. â€Å"Signs of Symptom† Fever, Loss of appetite, Headache, Tiredness and a general feeling of being unwell (malaise), Once the chickenpox rash appears, it goes through three phases, Raised pink or red bumps (papules), which break out over several days, Fluid-filled blisters (vesicles), forming from the raised bumps over about one day before breaking and leaking, Crusts and scabs, which cover the broken blisters and take several more days to heal. â€Å"Treatment† In otherwise healthy children, chickenpox typically requires no medical treatment. Your doctor may prescribe an antihistamine to relieve itching. But for the most part, the disease is allowed to run its course. If youre at high risk of complications For people who have a high risk of complications from chickenpox, doctors sometimes prescribe medications to shorten the duration of the infection and to help reduce the risk of complications. â€Å"SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS† Sudden high fever, Severe headache that isnt easily confused with other types of headache, Stiff neck, Vomiting or nausea with headache, Confusion or difficulty concentrating, Seizures, Sleepiness or difficulty waking up, Sensitivity to light, Lack of interest in drinking and eating, Skin rash in some cases, such as in meningococcal meningitis. â€Å"Treatment† Bed rest Plenty of fluids Over-the-counter pain medications to help reduce fever and relieve body aches â€Å"Signs and Symptoms† Fever, Sore throat, Headache, Vomiting, Fatigue, Back pain or stiffness, Neck pain or stiffness, Pain or stiffness in the arms or legs, Muscle spasms or tenderness, Meningitis â€Å"Treatment† Bed rest, Antibiotics for secondary infections (none for poliovirus), Analgesics for pain, Portable ventilators to assist breathing, moderate exercise (physical therapy) to prevent deformity and loss of muscle function, A nutritious diet. â€Å"Signs and Symptoms† Moderate to severe shaking chills, High fever, Profuse sweating as body temperature falls, Headache, Vomiting, and Diarrhea. â€Å"Treatment† Chloroquine (Aralen) Quinine sulfate (Qualaquin) Hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil) Mefloquine Combination of atovaquone and proguanil (Malarone) â€Å"Signs and Symptoms† Spasms and stiffness in your jaw muscles, Stiffness of your neck muscles, Difficulty swallowing Stiffness of your abdominal muscles, Painful body spasms lasting for several minutes, typically triggered by minor occurrences, such as a draft, loud noise, physical touch or light, Fever, Sweating, Elevated blood pressure, Rapid heart rate. â€Å"Treatment† Antitoxin. Antibiotics. Vaccine. Sedatives.

MHCC is just for Me Essay Example for Free

MHCC is just for Me Essay When I graduated high school, I knew that if I wanted to get ahead in life I was going to have to get into college. Not knowing exactly what I wanted to be when I grew up, made me worry about spending money on a traditional four year university. I realized that there were several cheaper options for a higher education were around my area. Starting my education at a community college seemed like the right step for me once I understood that the credits would all transfer to a university that I could choose at a later date. This was my first sensible step towards furthering my education. The problem was trying to decide which college to go to. I had to choose from Portland community college (PCC), Clackamas (CCC) or Mount Hood (MHCC). After sorting through the pros and cons, some of which were proximity to home and work, class availability and, helpful resources, it became clear which college was right for me. MHCC was my choice because it convenient for me. When choosing which community college to attend, the first thought was the distance from both work and home. I knew that I needed a place that was close enough to where I work so that I could take as many classes as I needed and not have to worry that I am going to be late for work because of traffic or some other distraction. Another reason that I need a place that was close is to save gas, as I am currently paying my own tuition and saving money is essential for a financially deprived student. It turns out Mt. Hood is only five miles away from my house, and even more convenient was that it was right down the street from where I work. With MHCC being so close to my work and home and I am only late to class because of my oversleeping. I have also been able to fit in extra classes every semester because of the time I save to squeeze it in without having to ask for any additional time off from work. I am currently working part time job at Bi-Mart so flexibility with scheduling is necessity for my schooling. My current situation for school is that I get to decide which two days I am off, and with those two days I can create my school schedule. MHCC scheduling is so convenient because that the same class that I may need could be taught by several different instructors which all have different times and different days allowing me to shape a schedule that will fit. This has really allowed me to appreciate the classes that are held twice a week for that reason. My usually schedule for school can sometimes take me all day. It starts with a morning class around eight all the way through the day until an evening course till around eight. Without the classes held only two days a week I don’t know how long it would take for me to graduate. One of the resources that I keep constantly using at Mt. Hood is the Learning Center’s tutors up on the second floor of the main campus l ibrary. I know that I am not the only student in the class room, so when I cannot get a meeting with the teacher to go over class items that I do not understand clearly I go to the tutor center. When I am up there I can receive all the help that I need for any school work that I am behind in. I know this because I go to the math tutor all the time for help just to get help that I need. I also have gone to the writing tutor in the past to help with papers that I get stuck on. I know that I am not a very strong writer and not all the rules of grammar stick with me, so knowing that there is a person that can help me makes me a more confident student and it makes me feel like I can achieve more. The convenience of the tutoring center has allowed me to be a better student. To be honest without MHCC, I don’t know if I would have the drive to go to another school. When thinking about the future it makes me cringe sometimes. If anything I have learned from working at Bi-Mart, I know that working dead end jobs as a lifestyle is not going to be in my best interest if I want to achieve something in my life. For that I consider Mount Hood to be a great school to attend. I am glad that I could find a school that could fit into my life and my future goals. At MHCC I have learned so much, and have improved both my writing and math. I know that furthering myself with an education is only going to benefit me in the time ahead and with the education at Mt. Hood I know that when I am able to transfer to that four year university I know that I will have the tools to be able to succeed not only there but beyond the university as well.

MHCC is just for Me Essay Example for Free

MHCC is just for Me Essay When I graduated high school, I knew that if I wanted to get ahead in life I was going to have to get into college. Not knowing exactly what I wanted to be when I grew up, made me worry about spending money on a traditional four year university. I realized that there were several cheaper options for a higher education were around my area. Starting my education at a community college seemed like the right step for me once I understood that the credits would all transfer to a university that I could choose at a later date. This was my first sensible step towards furthering my education. The problem was trying to decide which college to go to. I had to choose from Portland community college (PCC), Clackamas (CCC) or Mount Hood (MHCC). After sorting through the pros and cons, some of which were proximity to home and work, class availability and, helpful resources, it became clear which college was right for me. MHCC was my choice because it convenient for me. When choosing which community college to attend, the first thought was the distance from both work and home. I knew that I needed a place that was close enough to where I work so that I could take as many classes as I needed and not have to worry that I am going to be late for work because of traffic or some other distraction. Another reason that I need a place that was close is to save gas, as I am currently paying my own tuition and saving money is essential for a financially deprived student. It turns out Mt. Hood is only five miles away from my house, and even more convenient was that it was right down the street from where I work. With MHCC being so close to my work and home and I am only late to class because of my oversleeping. I have also been able to fit in extra classes every semester because of the time I save to squeeze it in without having to ask for any additional time off from work. I am currently working part time job at Bi-Mart so flexibility with scheduling is necessity for my schooling. My current situation for school is that I get to decide which two days I am off, and with those two days I can create my school schedule. MHCC scheduling is so convenient because that the same class that I may need could be taught by several different instructors which all have different times and different days allowing me to shape a schedule that will fit. This has really allowed me to appreciate the classes that are held twice a week for that reason. My usually schedule for school can sometimes take me all day. It starts with a morning class around eight all the way through the day until an evening course till around eight. Without the classes held only two days a week I don’t know how long it would take for me to graduate. One of the resources that I keep constantly using at Mt. Hood is the Learning Center’s tutors up on the second floor of the main campus l ibrary. I know that I am not the only student in the class room, so when I cannot get a meeting with the teacher to go over class items that I do not understand clearly I go to the tutor center. When I am up there I can receive all the help that I need for any school work that I am behind in. I know this because I go to the math tutor all the time for help just to get help that I need. I also have gone to the writing tutor in the past to help with papers that I get stuck on. I know that I am not a very strong writer and not all the rules of grammar stick with me, so knowing that there is a person that can help me makes me a more confident student and it makes me feel like I can achieve more. The convenience of the tutoring center has allowed me to be a better student. To be honest without MHCC, I don’t know if I would have the drive to go to another school. When thinking about the future it makes me cringe sometimes. If anything I have learned from working at Bi-Mart, I know that working dead end jobs as a lifestyle is not going to be in my best interest if I want to achieve something in my life. For that I consider Mount Hood to be a great school to attend. I am glad that I could find a school that could fit into my life and my future goals. At MHCC I have learned so much, and have improved both my writing and math. I know that furthering myself with an education is only going to benefit me in the time ahead and with the education at Mt. Hood I know that when I am able to transfer to that four year university I know that I will have the tools to be able to succeed not only there but beyond the university as well.

Thursday, September 5, 2019

The Body And Effects From Massage Physical Education Essay

The Body And Effects From Massage Physical Education Essay Massage and joint movement increases blood supply to bones, this helps nutrition to flow, feeding growing bones. The increased blood flow helps get rid of waste matter. Massage improves posture.  Brings good body tone and balance, reducing stress on joints and bones.  Posture will improve when the muscles are relaxed and lengthened. Poor posture impacts on the other systems of the body. For example sitting slouched with drooped shoulders and tight pectorals in a slumped posture will stop the lungs from fully expanding. Massage can improve mobility.  If a person had stiffness and restricted mobility within their joints, massaging with passive movements can ease the joints improving their range of movement. This is caused by the warming up of the synovial fluid within the joint making it more fluid. Movement causes a release of fresh synovial fluid into the joint, lubricating a dry joint. A dry joint will cause friction and pain. Also any thickening of the connective tissue may b e reduced helping to release restrictions in the joint. It helps to loosen adhesions, improve scar tissue and reduce inflammation, helping to improve mobility to stiff joints. Massage reduces physical stress placed on bones and joints which improves muscle tone and balance.   Due to increased lymphatic and blood flow stimulated by massage red blood cells are released from bone marrow, which improves overall health and energy as they carry oxygen through the body. Muscular System There are three types of muscle in the body. Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles that work with the connective tissues to allow movement in the body. When we want to move our brain sends impulses to the muscles to make them move. Cardiac muscles form most of the hearts wall. They are called the myocardium and are involuntary muscles. They contract to make our heartbeat. Visceral muscles are also involuntary. These muscles are smooth and form the walls of the viscera. Visceral muscles are those that help move food along in the digestive tract, veins and arteries as well as the tubular structures of the urinary tract. Massage increases the supply of blood and nutrients to muscles, restores tone and strength to muscles. It helps get rid of muscle adhesions due to illness or injury. It increases flexibility and strength in joints. Due to overuse muscles can stay contracted causing imbalance in the body. Tight muscles can constrict blood flow and will pull posture out of alignment. These problems can be corrected through massage by stretching and relaxing the muscle we increase flexability and encourage the muscle to return to its original length. When muscles work, they burn oxygen and glucose and produce lactic acid. A build up of lactic acid in the muscles will cause cramps and muscle soreness. Massage will remove the lactic acid and other waste products from the muscles relieving pain from that area. It will help reduce the formation of adhesions that occur due to overuse and general wear and tear, microscopic tears occur in the muscle fibres. If not treated these will be replaced by inelastic, s car tissue. We can adapt our massage moves to work into muscles to reduce their formation. Massage will improve muscle tone.  Ã‚  Healthy muscles constantly contract and relax. Massage can improve the tone of the muscles of the inactive, bed ridden or paralyzed as they will have poor or no muscle tone. Massage relieves muscle cramps, increases flexibility and tone, reduce waste products within the muscle. Massaging the muscle with care during a cramp can help to reduce the duration of it. Effects on the Cardiovascular System Massage can improve circulation by assisting the flow of blood back to the heart. It helps dilate blood vessels helping them to work better. It improves blood flow through the veins by bringing fresh oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and removing waste products, toxins and carbon dioxide. It can temporarily lower blood pressure, due to dilation of capillaries. It can decrease the heart rate due to relaxation. It helps to reduce ischaemia which is a reduced in flow of blood to body parts, often painful with tissue dysfunction. It improves the return of blood in the veins.  Ã‚  Blood has to continually works hard against gravity to return from feet back to the heart. We massage towards the heart to help the return of blood through the veins. (blood carried in the veins).  Massaging lowers blood pressure and has two positive effects on blood pressure, it will help the client relax and their heart rate decreases. Blood pressure is the pressure put on the artery wall each time blood passes through the artery. Massage slows the heart with fewer beats per minute reducing blood pressure. Respiratory System The respiratory system is comprised of the lungs and the passages that lead to and from them. This system begins at the nostrils and end at the lungs. It is in the lungs that oxygen from the outside meets the blood via the thin tissues in the lungs. Massage deepens breathing improving lung capacity by relaxing any tightness in the respiratory muscles. Massage on the body encourages deep breathing which increases lung capacity and increases our ability to take in more air. It improves breathing patterns, helping us to relax. Through deeper breathing we help to eliminate carbon dioxide, allowing increased oxygen to all body tissues. Massage can have soothing effects and aids in relief of many, long-term respiratory disease, such as asthma and bronchitis. On long term conditions like cystic fibrosis daily massage plays a vital role as it dislodges and expels mucus from the body keeping the airways clear. Breathing is slowed down as there is reduced stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system.  Ã‚  When people are stressed they breathe rapidly and shallowly, not inhaling enough oxygen and not exhaling enough carbon dioxide. This means our blood is being deprived of oxygen to take throughout our body. Massage stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system which slows and deepens breathing. Massage improves posture which will also make breathing deeper. Massage stimulates the intercostal muscles which are attached to the ribs when contracted these muscles pull on the ribs, which expand the lungs to cause inspiration, improving the condition and tone of these muscles. Massage improves the exchange of gases in the body.  Throughout the body, there is an exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide. This will be stimulated by massage. Effects on the Lymphatic System Excess fluid in the tissue is reduced during massage by increased lymphatic drainage and removal of waste from the system. Regular massage will increase white blood cells which may help to strengthen the immune system. In massage we drain lymph from the cells to the lymph nodes, this improves the circulation of lymph and the removal of toxins from the cells. Effects on the Urinary System The urinary system is mainly comprised of the kidneys, bladder and the urethra. It filters out toxins and certain waste products that the blood has taken from the cells. Massaging the kidneys can cleanse the blood and strengthens the urinary system. It speeds up the production of waste through the lungs, skin, blood and bowels. Due to increased circulation and lymph drainage from the tissues during massage we produce more urine that usual. Conclusion Massaging the body has a knock-on effect throughout all the systems of the body, bringing balance to the body, where it can repair and renew within the systems. Massage effects the body through manipulation of soft tissues with pressure and movement resulting in mechanical responses throughout the body. The nerves responding to stimulation causing reflex responses. By relaxing both body and mind, reducing anxiety/stress and making a person feel better, boosts self-esteem, positive thinking and improves body image and awareness leading to the client taking better care of their general health. There are different types of massage and these can be adapted to suit the specific needs of a persons health or well being. It can benefit all age groups and is now available in most beauty salons at a reasonable price.